Portugal, France, the Netherlands, and England all raced to the New World, eager to match the gains of the Spanish. Spain used its new riches to gain an advantage over other European nations, but this advantage was soon contested. Spain benefited most immediately as the wealth of the Aztec and Incan Empires strengthened the Spanish monarchy. New diseases wiped out entire civilizations in the Americas, while newly imported nutrient-rich foodstuffs enabled a European population boom. The Columbian Exchange transformed both sides of the Atlantic, but with dramatically disparate outcomes.
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